Crops with a maximum of 5% natural outcrossing are considered as self pollinated while those with more than 50% as cross pollinated. Breeding methods in cross pollinated crops with major emphasis on. As previously discussed, self pollinated species have a genetic structure that has implication in the choice of methods for their improvement. The self pollinated crop breeding course covers the common breeding methods used to improve self pollinated crops and the theoretical basis for self pollinated crops. Association breeding strategies for improvement of self. Breeding crosspollinated and clonally propagated crops. However, mass selection was not always effective in producing better varieties. Sc ag seed science and technology department of genetics and plant breeding shiats allahabad up. Contents introduction characters of cross pollinated crops methods of breeding in cross pollinated crops mass selection progeny selection or eartorow method. Mass selection, as applied to cross pollinated crops is essentially the same as that applied to self pollinated crops.
Consequently, breeding methods for cross pollinated crops aim at preventing inbreeding. When these methods are used it is required that either plants are handpollinated or pollinators must be introduced into the cagedbagged environment. The majority of the 5060 main grain crops of the world are predominantly selfpollinated. Method of plant breeding in self pollinated plants. Outcrossing in plant breeding extension online campus. Crossing between two inbreds or varieties is called single. The breeding methods that have proved successful with selfpollinated species are. The bulkpopulation method of breeding differs from the pedigree method primarily in the handling of generations following hybridization. Selection of superior plants is based on the genotype commonly used in cross pollinated and often cross. Pdf plant breeding methods in brief for students researchgate. Breeding methods in crop plants have been developed that exploit the reproductive genetic structure of particular crop populations. Only those breeding and selection methods are suitable for a crop which does not interfere with its natural state or ensure the maintenance of such a state. Mass selection mass selection is the oldest breeding scheme available for cross pollinated crops.
Because breeding programs are dynamic, complex genetic entities, marker phenotype relationships must be evaluated frequently. Backcross breeding method 410 hort 407 1 plant breeding methods i. Full text of methods of plant breeding internet archive. Delivery this class will be held in the campus extension learning management system lms. Pdf breeding strategies of self pollinated crop with. Crosspollination, where pollen from one plant can only fertilize a different plant. Request pdf breeding crosspollinated crops while methods for improving selfpollinated species tend to focus on improving individual. Basically, the selection procedure of the best progenies was optimized, particularly with the development of agricultural experimentation based on the publications of fisher. Molecular marker technology, marker assisted selection in plant breeding. A multistage longterm strategic process new characteristic added germplasm collection is routinely monitored and recycled with new genetic combinations and traits plants suited for specific environments are cross pollinated new genetic. Top 3 breeding methods used for crosspollinated crops. Population improvement was the earliest breeding method applied to cross pollinated crops. Delivery online learners have the option of participating in live lectures presented twice weekly to facetoface students or viewing the taped lectures online in extension. Students learn about creating populations, recurrent selection methods, with and without progeny tests, and hybrid production practices.
Breeding field crops, 5th edition, thoroughly covers the field of plant breeding. Since crosspollinated species are naturally hybrid heterozygous for many traits and lose vigour as they become purebred homozygous, a goal of each of. Breeding methods in self pollinated crops authorstream. Unit iv multiline breeding differences between multiline and purelines procedure merits and demerits achievements population breeding approaches diallel selective mating scheme merits and demerits. The third part of this course, which is on methods of sexual reproduction in crop plants will discuss the importance, concepts of self incompatibility, male sterility and steps involved in making crosses. Chapter 17 from principles of plant genetics and breeding. Pedigree breeding is a method of genetic improvement of selfpollinated species. The selection cycle may be repeated one or more times to increase the frequency of favourable alleles.
This article throws light upon the top three breeding methods used for crosspollinated crops. Only a few such as maize, rye, pearl millet, buckwheat, or. Highspeed internet access, email, and the ability to view video files. In selfpollinated crops, where the most popular breeding method is the classical. In contrast to a biparentalcross population, association. In this chapter we are concerned with the methods by which new varieties of selfpollinated crop plants originate.
The challenge of the plant breeder is to develop better varieties. Hybridization in selfpollinated crops may occur naturally, albeit usually at a low frequency, or through controlled crosspollinations. It is due to such reasons that imposition of selffertilization on cross pollinating crops leads to drastic reduction in their performance. Mass selection progeny test, ear to row method and recurrent selection 5. The commonly used breeding methods of selfpollinated plants were developed over a century ago in europe. Since cross pollinated species are naturally hybrid heterozygous for many traits and lose vigour as they become purebred homozygous, a goal of each of. The end result of plant breeding is either an openpollinated op for corn or inbred for rice varieties or an f1 first filial generation hybrid variety. This complicates breeding strategies because populations produced by intercrossing these transformants will contain multiple insertion sites, variable dosage at each insertion site, and be highly heterogeneous for expression level. Genetics and plant breeding course structure at a glance.
Recurrent selection is an important breeding method employed to improve the populations of crop plants particularly those of cross pollinated species. Most of our crops can be classified as cross pollinated or self pollinated cross pollinated means that an insect or wind normally carries pollen from one plant to another in order to fertilize it self pollinated means that the plant will pollinate and fertilize itself both types require that you crosstone plan with another in. The breeding methods that have proved successful with self pollinated species are. The latest edition of this venerable text provides a broad overview of the science of plant breeding, and provides students and breeders with essential fundamental information along with. Some examples of crosspollinated crops are alfalfa, rye, herbage grasses, forage legumes, red clover, some maizes. Gridded selection is one technique that can be used when doing mass selection to.
Plant breeding breeding selfpollinated species britannica. Only a few such as maize, rye, pearl millet, buckwheat, or scarlet runner bean are crosspollinated. A lot more than just gm crops agricultural biotechnology. A modified synthetic breeding method is proposed for crosspollinated crops such as white. Top 3 methods used in self pollinated crops breeding methods. Individual plant progeny is selected from f2 and subsequent generations, and their progenies are tested. Methods with crosspollinating crops intrapopulation improvement 1. Breeding self pollinated crops hybridization methods hybridization and gene recombination generate new genotypes. A large number of food crops are cross pollinated, including squash, onions, broccoli and spinach.
Those with rates of crosspollination lying between the two. Selection methods in plant breeding based on mode of. Selffertilization, where pollen from a plant will fertilise reproductive cells or ovules of the same plant. Corn and alfalfa breeders began using other breeding methods for the development of. Serving as invaluable tools are mutagenic irradiation and isotope tracer techniques, which are incorporated into the various breeding. The selfpollinated crop breeding course covers the common breeding methods used to improve selfpollinated crops and the theoretical basis for selfpollinated crops. Top 4 methods used in crosspollinated crops breeding. For selection of a new variety from a segregating population after hybridization the methods followed in selfpollinated crop are of three types. Students learn standard breeding methods and theories associated with population improvement of crosspollinated crops in this online class at nebraska. As previously discussed, selfpollinated species have a genetic structure that has implication in the choice of methods for their improvement. Request pdf breeding methods in cros spollinated species plant breeding is the genetic improvement of plants and is considered to be both a science and an art. Crosspollination can only occur between members of the same species. The methods of improving cross fertilized species, on the other hand, tend to focus on improving a population of plants. Plant breeders use different methods depending on the mode of reproduction of crops, which include.
Application of biotechnology in plant breeding programs. The breeding methods commonly used in cross pollinated crops. Population improvement was the earliest breeding method applied to crosspollinated crops. In cross pollinated crops like corn and alfalfa, mass selection was the first type of genetic improvement undertaken. The following points highlight the top four methods used in crosspollinated crops. As stated in the introduction, the methods of selection discussed in chapter 16 for improving self pollinated species tend to focus on improving individual plants. Topics discussed include the common breeding methods used in improving crosspollinated crops and the theoretical basis for crosspollinated crop breeding. You can plant different varieties of the same species in the same year as long as the times they flower do not. Cross pollinated crops generally show moderate to severe inbreeding depression.
In this method of breeding, the best individuals with desired characters are selected on the basis of phenotypic performance in a source population. As stated in the introduction, the methods of selection discussed in chapter 16 for improving selfpollinated species tend to focus on improving individual plants. In contrast to a biparental cross population, association. Most of our crops can be classified as cross pollinated or self pollinated cross pollinated means that an insect or wind normally carries pollen from one plant to another in order to fertilize it self pollinated means that the plant will pollinate and fertilize itself both types require that. Unit 3 breeding cross pollinated crops topics covered include. For example, it is impossible to create a hybrid of a cucumber and a zucchini as they are separate species within the same family. The methods of improving crossfertilized species, on the other hand, tend to focus on improving a population of plants. The fourth module relates to breeding procedures for self pollinated crops which involves pedigree, bulk and backcross methodologies. Top 3 breeding methods used for crosspollinated crops free download as pdf file. Introduction to onfarm organic plant breeding organic seed. Controlled hybridization and selection, back crossing and selection, mutation breeding. Plant breeding methods and use of classical plant breeding. Incorporating genetic diversity for crop improvement.
However, conventional plant breeding can no longer sustain the global demand with the increasing population, decline in agricultural resources such as land and water, and the apparent plateauing of the yield curve of the staple crops. Introduction populations of cross pollinated crops arc highly heterozygous as well as heterogeneous. Jul 02, 2015 breeding methods in cross pollinated crops methods of population improvement breeding methods breeding methods with without progeny progeny test test eg. The fourth module relates to breeding procedures for self pollinated crops which involves pedigree, bulk and back cross methodologies. Topics include the common breeding methods used in improving crosspollinated crops and the theoretical basis for crosspollinated crop breeding. Recurrent selection is an important breeding method employed to improve the populations of crop plants particularly those of crosspollinated species. Introduction populations of crosspollinated crops arc highly heterozygous as well as heterogeneous. Crops with a maximum of 5% natural outcrossing are considered as selfpollinated while those with more than 50% as crosspollinated. Pedigree refers to record of the ancestry of an individual selected plant. This short note written on the title of plant breeding methods. Students learn standard breeding methods and theories associated with selfpollinated and inbred crosspollinated crops, specifically, pedigree, bulk, singleseed descent, and.
Jul 02, 2015 such lines often have to be included to increase the number of parental lines making up the synthetics as lines with outstanding gca are limited in number synthetics can be produced and maintained only in crosspollinated crop species, while hybrid varieties can be produced both in self and crosspollinated crops 46. The course can be taken individually or as the 1st of 3 modules in plant breeding module 2. Techniques from both self and crosspollinated crops are. Method of plant breeding in self pollinated plants pedigree methods mass selection and pure line selection cannot be applied to segregating population. In understanding whether a plant is true breeding homozygous or segregating heterozygous for a particular character in the assessment of the breeding value of a plant features of progeny selection.
Population improvement strategies for crop improvement. Hybridization in self pollinated crops may occur naturally, albeit usually at a low frequency, or through controlled cross pollinations. In this chapter we are concerned with the methods by which new varieties of self pollinated crop plants originate. Individual plant selection, mass selection, inbreeding and hybridization, recurrent selection, synthetics, composites. Breeding methods in crosspollinated species request pdf. Maize breeding has unique features that are different from the other extensively cultivated grain species which are primarily selfpollinated. Breeding methods in cross pollinated crops methods of population improvement breeding methods breeding methods with without progeny progeny test test eg. Diversity is created to develop parents with beneficial genetic combinations conventional breeding. Breeding selfpollinated crops hybridization methods hybridization and gene recombination generate new genotypes. In crosspollinated crops like corn and alfalfa, mass selection was the first type of genetic improvement undertaken.
A population is a large group of interbreeding individuals. Review article timelines in conventional crop improvement. Breeding method for cross pollinated crop authorstream. Breeding methods that do not require hybridization. Their genetic makeup is such that they show variable inbreeding depression. Therefore, inbreeding must be avoided or kept to minimum in cross pollinated species. The types of genotypes that can be generated are a function of the genotypes of the parents. Breeding methods in cross pollinated crops with major emphasis on population. Selfpollination, or more exactly almost full selfpollination, is the principle mating system found in grain crops and in many vegetables. Students learn standard breeding methods and theories associated with self pollinated and inbred cross pollinated crops, specifically, pedigree, bulk, singleseed descent, and. The commonly used breeding methods of self pollinated plants were developed over a century ago in europe. Breeding methods normally adopted are of three types 1. Index sn lecture page no lec 01 aims and objectives of plant breeding 15 lec 02 modes of reproduction 610 lec 03 apomixis classification and significance in plant breeding 1116 lec 04 modes of pollination 1721 lec 05 classification of plants 2224 lec 06 botanical description and floral biology 2529 lec 07 maize zea mays 2n 20 3033. Methods with cross pollinating crops intrapopulation improvement 1.
Crosspollinated crop breeding agronomy and horticulture online. Cultivar development in crosspollinated species compared to self pollinated species, cross pollinated species differ in their gene pool structure, and in the extent of genetic recombination unselected populations typically consist of a heterogeneous mixture of heterozygotes. Specific objectives theory by the end of the course, the students will be able to i. The f2 generation is sown at normal commercial planting rates in a large plot. Breeding strategies for developing transgenic white clover. Top 3 breeding methods used for crosspollinated crops plant. Maize is a crosspollinated species with unique and separate male tassel and female ear organs. Topics discussed include the common breeding methods used in improving cross pollinated crops and the theoretical basis for cross pollinated crop breeding. Since cross pollinated species are naturally hybrid heterozygous for many traits and lose vigour as they become purebred homozygous, a goal of each of these breeding methods is to preserve or restore heterozygosity. The method is generally used for handling segregation generation may be grouped into three categories. Breeding crosspollinated crops request pdf researchgate. Plant breeding plant breeding breeding self pollinated species. At maturity the crop is harvested in mass, and the seeds are used to establish the next generation in a similar plot. Qtl quantitative trait loci, genetic analysis and characterization of crops with various dna markers and isozymes.
Cultivar development in crosspollinated species compared to selfpollinated species, crosspollinated species differ in their gene pool structure, and in the extent of genetic recombination unselected populations typically consist of a heterogeneous mixture of heterozygotes. Corn and alfalfa breeders began using other breeding methods for the development of new varieties. Plant breeding plant breeding breeding selfpollinated species. Consequently, breeding methods for crosspollinated crops aim at preventing inbreeding. Association breeding strategies utilize phenotypic and genotypic information to increase gain from selection and reduce selection cycle time.